What interesting system calls are provided in Linux compared to other Unix variants? One of the ideas behind Open Source software is that users can be co-developers, suggesting how to improve it and helping to find out bugs. Traditionally, Unix programs have been single-threaded, owing to Unix's historic simplicity, fast …

When you suffer from pain and stiffness on a daily basis, exercise might be the last thing you feel like doing. However, exercise should be an important part of everyone’s daily life, especially if you have arthritis, because being inactive increases your risk of being overweight and developing heart …

Organic/SEO traffic: This report shows what your SEO traffic was for a time period. It's important to watch trends happening with this. Look as far back to the same time period as last year and see whether there are any seasonality trends or increases/decreases from year to year …

It would not be enough to stop here, though. OSS is developed by those people who have a use for it. TCP/IP is so entrenched that Windows implemented it. Shell scripts are not unlike Windows batch files for controlling the system, but a lot more powerful.

Learn how I …

Getting involved with kernel development is, paradoxically, both easier than it seems like it should be, and also ridiculously difficult. These unique addresses are built into each ethernet device when they are manufactured and it is usually kept in an SROM2 on the ethernet card. Different distributions have chosen varying …

When job control is not in effect, background jobs (jobs started with &) ignore SIGINT and SIGQUIT. The examples continue, but all hit the same chord: there is no use in preventing the spread of information. It is a synthasisable core and ARM (the company) does not itself manufacture processors. Sed …

The software that handles or manages a hardware controller is known as a device driver. The platters are attached to a central spindle and spin at a constant speed that can vary between 3000 and 10,000 RPM depending on the model. We can access the database from other programs …

The kernel calls the modules initialization routine and, if it is successful it carries on installing the module. The caricatures speak of wizard-like "graybeards" sitting behind glowing green screens, writing C code and shell scripts, powered by old-fashioned, drip-brewed coffee. The importance of Linux to enterprise IT was highlighted very …

From the inode number, the inode is found. So what do I mean by transparent? As a standard user, you are essentially restricted to working with files of your own creation. bash allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified with the bind built-in command.

How to …

Behavior changes and features are added. So, the FAT module contains a reference to the VFAT module; the reference was added when the VFAT module was loaded. A way to prevent that is regular updates and only download software, themes and plugns form reliable sources. But, if we each have …

When you enter commands, they are actually stored in a history. If you do this, or try to exit again immediately, you are not warned again, and the stopped jobs are terminated. But the Linux community is much more than the kernel, and needs contributions from lots of other people …

The world economy will not collapse if creators of software choose to share their work with the world. Running a UNIX system is not an easy task, not even for commercial versions of UNIX. Open source software isn't free from cost, of course. Make use of this command often so …

ansi2knr recognizes functions by seeing a nonkeyword identifier at the left margin, followed by a left parenthesis, with a right parenthesis as the last character on the line. At Outsource2india, we have experienced and skilled software engineers who can proficiently build a software system by using open source software. Even …

Its vast package database and supportive community is another plus point. This means that if a system has two IDE controllers there will be entries for the IDE subsystem at indices at 3 and 22 in the blk_dev and blkdevs vectors. Most of the time you will be issuing commands …

Synchronous jobs started by bash have signals set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. The use of pipes, on the other hand, turns Unix and Linux into software LEGO, which lets you build complex programs out of a simple set of building blocks. insmod copies the …

The entire Linux kernel was written from scratch, without employing any code from proprietary sources. Instead of a simple binary check, capabilities allow the kernel to base access on much more fine-grained settings. The most popular include Perl, Python, PHP, and Tcl. If you can use a computer or other …

Linux moving into the mainstream is a great thing. Background processes that attempt to read from (write to) the terminal are sent a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) signal by the terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. Another excellent source for assistance (and encouragement) is a local Linux Users Group (LUG …

A thread is the unit of activity within a process. This is also the reason serious Linux users prefer the command line. However, such programs are typically also made available for free (usually as a free download from the Internet). lsmod simply reformats /proc/modules which is built from the …

Missing a character, or reading them in any other order, would make little sense. For the most part, the Linux community communicates via various mailing lists and USENET newsgroups. Some tasks will be just as easy in either environment. There is also a level of indirection introduced that makes accesses …

A vi-style line editing interface is also available. The Linux command line offers a wealth of power and opportunity. We can compare and contrast system programming with application programming, which differ in some important aspects but are quite similar in others. As you can see, by use of scripting, any …

Some tasks are best suited to a GUI, word processing and video editing are great examples. You can easily configure and access any corner in your computer, monitor processes and manage virtual environments for different projects. First is the Human Factor, which includes the psychological issues with change, any kind …

Most of this is going to be very important for your management of the machine. In the rare event of a system call with more than five parameters, a single register is used to point to a buffer in user space where all of the parameters are kept. That aside …

Currently, in Distrowatch's past 6 months ranking, it sits at #3. Linux clearly needed a better filesystem! Named pipes act like regular pipes but are accessed via a file, called a FIFO special file. You can interpret the answer into the GUI tool of your choice.

Fundamentals of dpkg

Most of the time you will be issuing commands. This is because IP addresses are simply an addressing concept, the ethernet devices themselves have their own physical addresses. Advocates of copyleft respond by pointing out that there is no such thing as absolute freedom. To see what is meant by …

An interrupt driven device driver is one where the hardware device being controlled will raise a hardware interrupt whenever it needs to be serviced. Thus they are also called built-in commands. Most of the Linux kernel is written in the C programming language, with a little bit of assembly and …

Symbolic links look like regular files. It is time for the opening of the tools that will be needed to build this new age. In fact, part of the freedom of free software is that anyone has the right to sell an executable program released under a free software license …

When there are no more characters left to read, the device returns end-of-file (EOF). On GNU/Linux systems a file command can be used to identify a type of the file. Unlike most other operating systems, Linux is freely developed and continu- ously improved by a large community of software …

This fixing up takes the form of patching the module image in memory. Some of this information will also help Windows users to understand the importance of user accounts. They work because they want to help themselves, their user base, or their software project. Block devices are generally storage devices …

They are accessed via block device files. Freedom not to have to pay $300 or $400 for making your computer even useful, for something other than a calculator. The application can then trap into the kernel through this well-defined mechanism and execute only code that the kernel allows it to …

However, not all Linux installations use GNU components as a part of their operating system. In that case, the new bytes (which are added to the end of the file) are filled with zeros. Although the source code must be made freely available in all cases, there is no requirement …

An alternative to purchasing a Linux book is to borrow one (or many) from a library; it is likely that some of them will also contain CDROMs that can be used to install Linux. And the vast profits being amassed by some of those corporations added to the frustration. Instead …

The default action for the SIGFPE signal will core dump the process and then cause it to exit. Each IDE controller can support up to two disks, one the master disk and the other the slave disk. People will stand up and take notice and realize that Linux is not …

Finally, if you are contributing to an existing kernel module, you will need to learn about their procedures and development cycle. In Linux, the standard C compiler is provided by the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc). It would not matter to me which distro was being advocated as long as the …

However, such programs are typically also made available for free (usually as a free download from the Internet). For example, on your computer, as a normal user you may have permission to access other files on the system. This waiting happens within the system call, in system mode; the process …

The module data structure is marked as DELETED and it is unlinked from the list of kernel modules. Most licenses of the proprietary software systems are expensive and should be renewed every year. These range from simple memory protection schemes to complex page hierarchies. You don't need to spend tons …

If you have spent a lot of time on Windows this may take a while to get used to. The source code for proprietary software is usually not made publicly available, or, if it is, there are generally severe restrictions on its use. This means that the maximum number of …

So when you're writing something in your word processor and you want to check out something on the web, no need to review all your windows to find your browser, stacked all the way behind the others. If you are not already familiar with the GNU GPL, the best way …

Each user belongs to one or more groups, including a primary or login group, listed in /etc/passwd, and possibly a number of supplemental groups, listed in /etc/group. Manipulating symbolic links, on the other hand, requires special system calls. All the documentation and manuals are there, and examples are …

If you find a bug, report it! On i386, for example, a user-space application executes a software interrupt instruction, int, with a value of 0x80. However, such programs are typically also made available for free (usually as a free download from the Internet). Maybe it's a Linux firewall on a …

Both are very different from proprietary software (also commonly called commercial software), which is software that is controlled by a company or an individual. The other option for an account is "root." The root account enables you to do all most anything you want, to your system, as you will …