You can easily see the exported kernel symbols and their values by looking at /proc/ksyms or by using the ksyms utility. As the writing process writes to the pipe, bytes are copied into the shared data page and when the reading process reads from the pipe, bytes are copied …

This is one of those arguments that sounds good superficially but which is not borne out by the evidence. If the thief runs, he/she probably won't get caught, and it is a quick way to make some extra cash. If you've always wanted to learn programming, whether you want …

The four bytes are written as four decimal numbers in the 0-255 range, separated by dots. In this case the waiting process will be suspended and another, more deserving process will be chosen to run. The most difficult part of the installation process is, without a doubt, partitioning the hard …

In the Linux world, a large number of users will always prefer to compile applications from source, rather than using an installer package. While there are other options, the most common scripting language is Bash. It's a must try Linux distribution for those are willing to test the working of …

For example when user data is being written to the hard disk. ARP is not just restricted to ethernet devices, it can resolve IP addresses for other physical media, for example FDDI. One more thing, if you don't want your programming Linux distro to be devoid of systemd, there's an …

Processes are allowed to do non-blocking reads (it depends on the mode in which they opened the file or pipe) and, in this case, if there is no data to be read or if the pipe is locked, an error will be returned. When processes are deleted, as they exit …

Sed is the Spanish word for thirst, Though you may thirst (or hunger, or whatever) for an easier way to do things, its name did not derive from there. As of April 2008, Linux had fewer than 100 known viruses, whereas Windows had more than 1,000,000 known viruses …

The platters are attached to a central spindle and spin at a constant speed that can vary between 3000 and 10,000 RPM depending on the model. These applications are not going away anytime soon. When there are no more characters left to read, the device returns end-of-file (EOF). The …

The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell'. Track 0 is the outermost track and the highest numbered track is the track closest to the central spindle. If no output_file is supplied, output goes to stdout. The maximum file length, as with the maximum file position, is bounded only …

The IDE disks are controlled by the IDE controller chip and the SCSI disks by the SCSI disk controller chips and so on. The Raspberry Pi, popular with hobbyists and enthusiasts, is Linux-driven and has opened the door for an entire spectrum of IoT devices running Linux. The timer bottom …

To help bring order to chaos, standards groups codify system interfaces into official standards. Many of the best Linux experts are self taught and do not possess a single computer certification. It needs to be able to support what an IT team requires in the moment and in the future …

The IP protocol layer itself uses many different physical media to transport IP packets to other IP hosts. If you look at the output of lsmod, you will see that each module has a count associated with it. Until recently, most modems were 8 or 16 bit ISA cards. While …

True, they are often needed for one project or another and can be well worth the cost, but for a beginner or a learner -- and for many professionals -- free software is simply irreplaceable. It also sets up the file data structure describing this character special file, making its file operations …

If a developer needs a VM or if IT Ops needs to provision a server, they expect to do so quickly and painlessly; Linux's scalability allows for this rapid provisioning, as does its lack of cost-prohibitive licensing. The Linux command line offers a wealth of power and opportunity. A good …

The major identifier for the primary IDE controller is 3 and is 22 for the secondary IDE controller. The GPL subsequently became by far the most widely used license for free software. The analogy is also frequently made with recipes for cooking food. Multiple processes are free to read from …

insmod physically writes the address of the symbol into the appropriate place in the module. Aliases are expanded when the function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a compound command. Once connection has been made, any of the (usually) several browsers …

Although directories are treated like normal files, the kernel does not allow them to be opened and manipulated like regular files. Any ethernet frame transmitted to that address will be received by the addressed host but ignored by all the other hosts connected to the network. Some operating systems, such …

By calling bash executable binary explicitly, the content of our file date.sh is loaded and interpreted as Bash Shell Script. For most users, LILO works best. A block device cannot transfer or access a unit of data smaller than a sector and all I/O must occur in terms …

However, they seem to be forgetting that, while some action we make won't directly influence everybody, every action we make affects somebody. It is vital that we keep a philosophical approach so that our beliefs stand behind our actions. This instruction causes a switch into kernel space, the protected realm …

One obvious part of Linux is the kernel itself; but even that would be useless without libraries or shells. A lot of commands on the terminal will rely on you being in the right location. Another great quality of this dependable Linux distro for developers is its software delivery method …

It only looks at modules marked as AUTOCLEAN and in the state RUNNING. The shell program is what presents the prompt and accepts subsequent commands. The so-called open source and free software development models started with the Free Software Foundation and were popularized with Linux. The shim mini-bootloader file is …

You can pick up a book on Unix from the '80s and much of it will still be applicable to a modern Linux distribution today. Linux provides any tools you need as a developer to operate a scalable, secure servers. When TCP transmits its packet using IP, the data contained …

Everyone has a favorite development platform. These registered port addresses can be seen in /etc/services. Another important feature of Linux is that it can run on a variety of different computer hardware platforms frequently found in different companies. The POSIX standard was born in 1988, as well as other …

The second, newer, mechanism uses a linked list of timer_list data structures held in ascending expiry time order. In most cases, good results can be obtained by just using the default options. Every distribution contains hundreds or thousands of programs that can be distributed along with it, and each of …

The most interesting case recently was when Sony purposely added spyware [4] to their music CDs that silently and automatically installed itself onto Microsoft Windows systems to search for piracy breaches. Only the truly dedicated -- those who have no personal lives, or those who are being paid to do this …

The other is part of OpenOffice, a full-fledged office productivity suite that is comparable to and compatible with Microsoft Office. Oracle Corporation, another heavyweight in the DBMS industry, recently announced it would be creating a Linux compatible Oracle. Likewise, some minimal restrictions are necessary for free software, namely the GPL …

It does not obligate you to run it on a determined platform like some proprietary software. However, this is definitely no loss. Its interface with the BSD socket layer is through the set of Internet address family socket operations which it registers with the BSD socket layer during network initialization …

The GPL subsequently became by far the most widely used license for free software. Currently, in Distrowatch's past 6 months ranking, it sits at #3. Linux is a topic which is equally suitable for study in the classroom (such as at a university or a specialized computer school) or at …

Without this surrounding commitment, IT decision-makers can be left in the dark...and that's not a good place to be in 2019. Device drivers have to be careful when using memory. The character % introduces a job name. Writing a byte to a file position beyond the end of the file …

Their techniques for identifying web server and OSes can be fooled. As the cliche goes, "If we both have an apple, and we exchange apples, we each still have one apple. It also ships in multiple flavors to gratify different needs of people. The rules concerning the definition and use …

Now synonymous with private cloud computing, the OpenStack cloud framework likely would not exist, or at least would be incredibly different, without Linux. According to the Stack Overflow 2016 survey, desktop developers now constitute just 6.9 percent of all developers (and that also includes Mac Desktops). Without Linux as …

For example to display a manual page for the ls command execute man ls. Linux must handle readers opening the FIFO before writers open it as well as readers reading before any writers have written to it. You may then continue typing and hit Tab again and it will again …

By contrast, most software carries fine print that denies users these basic rights, leaving them susceptible to the whims of its owners and vulnerable to surveillance. There is no problem with using an older computer, for example, an elderly 500MHz Pentium PC with as few as five gigabytes of hard …

This is used by gateways, which respond to ARP requests on behalf of IP addresses that are in the remote network. Many, if not most, PCI modems available on store shelves these days are WinModems. This means that subsequent INET socket calls can easily retrieve the sock data structure. Figure …

It is time for the opening of the tools that will be needed to build this new age. The physical on-disk form of this mapping-for example, a simple table or a hash-is implemented and managed by the kernel code that supports a given filesystem. The reality is that not only …

Therefore, when moving to the PDP-11 as the main hardware platform, the developers started C as the as a core language for Unix. Advocates of copyleft respond by pointing out that there is no such thing as absolute freedom. The test and set operation is, so far as each process …

All of the read/write heads are attached together, they all move across the surfaces of the platters together. Some users have reported success configuring and installing drivers for the various winmodems, including Lucent, Conexant, and Rockwell chipsets. Yet throughout many school systems, the software in use on computers is …

Authorization in Linux is provided by users and groups. This is also true for a number of major system tasks where the hardware and software must cooperate closely to achieve their aims. It was unbelievably naive of them to think they could stop the spread of an idea. Later on …

Functions are defined by using the function keyword and followed by function body enclosed by curly brackets. The data is read by a head, which can detect whether a particular minute particle is magnetized. FLOSS OSes tend to include many applications that are usually sold separately in proprietary systems (including …

The exact mechanism varies from architecture to architecture. Those programs or issues that have not yet been addressed or resolved for Linux can still reside on the original drive and remain operational as long as they are needed. GNU/Linux increases personal computing freedom. Usually Linux based malware are extremely …