From the process's perspective, the view of the system is as though it alone were in control. Most systems built now use PCI and ISA buses to connect together the main system components. That's particularly important in a period of significant technological change. Thanks to Linux and the broader world …

It's highly recommended for advanced programmers and system administrators. Special files are kernel objects that are represented as files. Although, there's no rocket science in it. Or, you can make a profit on support and ancillary sales on things like manuals, mouse pads or whatever suits your fancy.

Redirecting output …

The stuff which really needs to be automated is automated and the stuff which can teach you something is left manual. Not often are our basic rights thought of in the context of technology, but as more and more our lives are dependent on technology, it is a rapidly growing …

Moreover, most programming languages (if they aren't limited to a particular OS) work on Linux. Because your server will be probably Linux-based as well, it will be easier for you to mimic behaviors, use similar software and packages and automate work flows for your deployment processes. You can easily see …

Its entries are also device_struct data structures. Over the years, Unix systems have supported a handful of different special files. This must happen as the module cannot expect to be loaded at the same address twice let alone into the same address in two different Linux systems. Most open source …

When you boot a system that uses the GRUB Legacy bootloader, you'll see a menu that shows the boot options that you defined in the configuration file. In a very real sense Linux is a product of the Internet or World Wide Web (WWW). Device drivers have to be careful …

Its purpose is to provide a financial incentive for producing such works in order to benefit society as a whole. How does the kernel know which directory to look in to find a given filename? Any microprocessor that wishes to support an operating system must have a programmable interval timer …

Once the parent process has waited on its terminated child, the child is fully destroyed. That is, there are no legal restrictions on anyone using, studying, copying, modifying, improving or publishing any recipe. Each time a device driver runs, maybe as an interrupt is received or as a bottom half …

There is yet one other weakness: if a computer switches operating systems later, the long uptime is credited to the new OS. Imagine if you wanted to become a great writer but weren't allowed to read any books. In general, there is a tendency for advocates of the term term …

The mini-bootloader acts as a middleman in the boot process. If you hit Tab again it will show you those possibilities. Even if you are an aged UNIX guru, what follows is probably of interest to you. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked.

A lazy person's guide …

Everything a good programmer can wish for is available: compilers, libraries, development and debugging tools. I use Linux for everything. Almost certainly, but it's doubtful that it would maintain the presence that Android currently enjoys in today's consumer market. Usually, as bytes in the file are read from or written …

Its latest releases often inspire the other Linux distributions to adopt new features and make changes. Any site that is requested through the "what's that site running" query form at Netcraft.com is added to the set of sites that are routinely sampled; Netcraft doesn't routinely monitor all 22 million …

and insert it as the first line of your script. Some people, particularly members of the Free Software Foundation, refer to this collection as GNU/Linux, because many of the tools included are GNU components. These categories determine what powers are available to a user. Unlike Windows, Linux requires each …

An inode stores metadata associated with a file, such as its modification timestamp, owner, type, length, and the location of the file's data-but no filename! Sed, as you saw in our example, is basically used for altering a text file without actually having to open it up in a traditional …

You might be amazed that such a nonstructured system of volunteers, programming and debugging a complete UNIX system, could get anything done at all. The first way is to use the insmod command to manually insert the it into the kernel. There is also a devout following of Linux. It's …

In this article we will introduce you to why these accounts are important. Whenever a process has to wait the operating system takes the CPU away from that process and gives it to another, more deserving process. If you love the rolling Linux distributions (here are some fixed vs rolling …

However, Linux does not require the use of such Anti-Virus programs. The kernel modules are linked object files just like other programs in the system except that they are linked as a relocatable images. For many people, the next step will be to carefully read a good introductory book on …

One more thing, if you don't want your programming Linux distro to be devoid of systemd, there's an OpenRC spin for that. Thanks to Linux and the broader world of open source, this methodology becomes clearer and easier to implement on an almost daily basis, as new Linux-based innovations, like …

The list goes on. Although the terms free software and open source software are usually used more or less interchangeably, there are some subtle differences. Advocates of copyleft respond by pointing out that there is no such thing as absolute freedom. So, the FAT module contains a reference to the …

Until recently, most modems were 8 or 16 bit ISA cards. Free software is also very different from public domain software. There are times when controllers need to read or write large amounts of data directly to or from system memory. The device driver places bytes onto the queue, one …

There are editors, compilers and interpreters for nearly every language ever created, debuggers, parser generators, you name it. What exactly do the kernel and the C library provide? Whereas it had previously been the norm to assist colleagues and freely share ideas and software, such cooperation suddenly became forbidden and …

Sustainable technologies are about ensuring access to knowledge forever. Traditionally, all Unix programming was system-level programming. Critical mass will be reached when people are given a CD that they can install just as easily as Windows and will provide them with all the tools that they are accustomed to on …

By applying the foundational principals behind two factors, even the most techno-phobic and proprietary software entrenched small sized companies can painlessly move to Linux on the Desktop. It looks at each member of the operations pending queue (sem_pending) in turn, testing to see if the semphore operations will succeed this …

It interprets the commands the user types in and arranges for them to be carried out. The process of booting your Linux system can sometimes be easy and sometimes be difficult. Upgrading from one version to another is also painless. In addition to implementing the standard C library, glibc provides …

Hard links allow for complex filesystem structures with multiple pathnames pointing to the same data. You may need to go through several rounds of resubmission and additional feedback before your code is accepted, and in some cases it may be rejected. Share your personal experiences (good and bad) with Linux …

The Graphical User Interface is much easier and I can already do most of what I need there." To a certain extent you would be right, and by no means am I suggesting you should ditch the GUI. Networking the critical aspects of a city, from manhole covers and traffic …

The smallest addressable unit on a block device is the sector. With the connection established both ends are free to send and receive data. When it is started up, usually at system boot time, it opens up an Inter-Process Communication (IPC) channel to the kernel. At kernel initialization time, the …

Its own Software Center has tons of free applications that make it a great Linux OS for programming. Another good example is the PCI bus which allows each device (for example a graphics card) to be accessed independently. Apart from the ability of a loaded module to crash the operating …

Keep in mind that these are only conventions---not rules. It is time for the opening of the tools that will be needed to build this new age. Numerous such standards exist but, technically speaking, Linux does not officially comply with any of them. When using Linux, you often face configurations …

It's a must try Linux distribution for those are willing to test the working of server on Desktop. But all things come to an end eventually. Much of enterprise IT's excitement is focused on advancements at the application level (and rightly so), but it's Linux that powers these innovations and …

The umbrella of system programming often includes kernel development, or at least device driver writing. The Linux kernel is the core of the operating system. If user space were allowed to manipulate directories without the kernel's mediation, it would be too easy for a single simple error to corrupt the …

If you're interested in writing code for the Linux kernel itself, a good place to get started is in the Kernel Newbies FAQ, which will explain some of the concepts and processes you'll want to be familiar with. This chapter describes how the Linux kernel manages the physical devices in …

Binary compatibility is maintained across a given major version of glibc, at the very least. Does it support my critical applications? Linux aims toward POSIX and SUS compliance. Of course, most system calls have only a couple of parameters.

Getting Enlightenment to work with a dual screen monitor

Very small company leadership, with less than ten personnel, often incorrectly assume that interpersonal issues and technical decisions are not correlated at all. The kernel does not impose any restrictions on concurrent file access. Each command comes with a manual page which can be used to learn about its function …

Some operating systems, such as VMS, provide highly structured files, supporting concepts such as records. Linux maintains the set of registered block devices as the blkdevs vector. A process is also associated with various system resources, which are arbitrated and managed by the kernel. Its own Software Center has tons …

To me, that is the distasteful and damaging side of the Linux world. Another difference, particularly as compared to a Windows system is that many Linux users prefer to compile their applications from source code. While Linus hacked away on the fledgling Linux kernel, Remy Card worked on the first …

I am a composer, and one of the biggest hurdles for me in switching to exclusively Free Software was my sheet music typesetting software. The way that FIFOs are opened is a little different from pipes. The exact mechanism varies from architecture to architecture. Linux itself is actually just the …

and insert it as the first line of your script. Arch Linux, the favorite Linux distribution of die-hard Linux enthusiasts, comes with Linux kernel and package manager. Linux keeps looking through the pending list from the start until there is a pass where no semaphore operations can be applied and …

Also, most OSS does not retire after a short period of time because collaborative open source development results in constant software improvement geared to the needs of the users. This software universe had been going on behind my back for years. Files may reside in any of these directories. There …

Even so, most software developers, even those who have grown up during this venerable "Linux revolution" have at least heard of Unix. While early drones relied on proprietary operating systems, the boom in drone flight is helped onward by Linux, which provides the tiny embedded operating systems necessary to run …