While openSUSE Leap is the LTS release which remains pretty up to date and guaranteed stability, Tumbleweed is the rolling release for those who love the taste of the latest software. Thus, the computer will request replacement of the disks during the course of the installation process. Named pipes act …

The block is an abstraction of the filesystem, not of the physical media on which the filesystem resides. No distribution of Linux is completely bug-free, so you may be required to fix small problems by hand after installation. Figure 12.1 shows that the VFAT file system module is dependent …

As a result, software developers choose a programming language to create source code based on ease of use, functionality, and comfort level. Everything a good programmer can wish for is available: compilers, libraries, development and debugging tools. How do I write optimal code, and what tricks does Linux provide? This …

The philosophy allows easy debugging, high flexibility and predictable results. The core of Linux is regularly worked on by efficiency-obsessed engineers who run thousands of expensive servers, and most of the desktop versions meant for personal use run lighter than their Windows and Mac counterparts. Since computers are so deeply …

No matter what you do, remember that your actions do make a difference. These applications are not going away anytime soon. I would like to suggest that when choosing passwords, do not make them easy to guess. Hard links allow for complex filesystem structures with multiple pathnames pointing to the …

The access file logs every visit to your web site. Recently, Linux has replaced this security system with a more general capabilities system. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program. A server using sockets, first creates …

Instead of a simple binary check, capabilities allow the kernel to base access on much more fine-grained settings. Extended partitions are not real partitions at all, they contain any number of logical parititions. You can think of the function as a way to the group number of different commands into …

According to the Stack Overflow 2016 survey, desktop developers now constitute just 6.9 percent of all developers (and that also includes Mac Desktops). Files can be opened for reading, writing, or both. Once connection has been made, any of the (usually) several browsers available can be used to start …

Many developers believe this open-source model makes Linux inherently more secure than a proprietary operating system. Likewise, the smallest logically addressable unit on a filesystem is the block. Even in the days before the Internet, information and so-called "intellectual property" could still be, and were, exchanged. Public domain refers to …

Each surface of the platter is divided into narrow, concentric circles called tracks. Linux (pronounced "lih-nucks") is an operating system that is used today to run a variety of applications on a variety of different hardware. Sustainable technologies are also important, and the best example of the issue is proprietary …

It contains a compressed kernel image which is used to control the hardware during installation. Its own Software Center has tons of free applications that make it a great Linux OS for programming. Partitioning a disk allows the disk to be used by several operating system or for several purposes …

Thus, if one developer obtains and improves the source code of a program, the original author has the right to reject those improvements. Most open source applications have their own communities which are constantly evolving the software thus improving its quality and security. It was unbelievably naive of them to …

The issues with the Diebold [2] voting systems in the US is testament [3] to the need for transparent systems that are trustworthy. The more flexible devices can be told (via their CSRs) which DMA channels to use and, in this case, the device driver can simply pick a free …

Linux, on the other hand, builds on the Unix tradition by offering tried-and-true tools. If you want to use Linux as a platform for a very advanced application or application set, you will be interested in aspects of the system such as kernel hacking, the differences between various filesystems, and …

By virtue of its open source licensing, Linux is freely available to anyone. The exact meaning of operations on a BSD socket depends on its underlying address family. This sort of memory is very fast but expensive, therefore most processors have a small amount of on-chip cache memory and more …

Further complications arise when shared virtual memory is not locked into physical memory. It is the scheduler that must select the most deserving process to run out of all of the runnable processes in the system. Even if you are an aged UNIX guru, what follows is probably of interest …

The module data structure is marked as DELETED and it is unlinked from the list of kernel modules. They work because they want to help themselves, their user base, or their software project. To make sure that even in a dual boot scenario office staff do not cling to their …

Linux provides any tools you need as a developer to operate a scalable, secure servers. When Corporations are happy with the used software they donate money to the communities in order to be able to continue their work and developing new versions. Instead, it focuses on user-space system-level programming, that …

When you boot a system that uses the GRUB Legacy bootloader, you'll see a menu that shows the boot options that you defined in the configuration file. In a very real sense Linux is a product of the Internet or World Wide Web (WWW). Device drivers have to be careful …

Its purpose is to provide a financial incentive for producing such works in order to benefit society as a whole. How does the kernel know which directory to look in to find a given filename? Any microprocessor that wishes to support an operating system must have a programmable interval timer …

You can code one version of your software and give it away freely, yet still maintain a commercial version with enhanced features. This tutorial is organised as such, with each section building upon the knowledge and skills learned in the previous sections. Dynamically loading code as it is needed is …

As Fedora is backed by Red Hat, you can expect it to work without issues while development process. Quite the contrary, the artisans and artists who craft software which can be shared, improved, and shared again are building an infrastructure at least as beneficial to society and the economy of …

Software running on the CPU must be able to read and write those controlling registers. Each process is in turn associated with exactly one uid, which identifies the user running the process, and is called the process's real uid. For many people, the next step will be to carefully read …

Getting involved with kernel development is, paradoxically, both easier than it seems like it should be, and also ridiculously difficult. These unique addresses are built into each ethernet device when they are manufactured and it is usually kept in an SROM2 on the ethernet card. Different distributions have chosen varying …

Users of closed source operating systems must report the bug to the manufacturer and wait for the manufacturer to develop, test, and release a solution to the problem, known as a hot fix. A regular file contains bytes of data, organized into a linear array called a byte stream. As …

Every program that is running is called a process. A process's resources, along with data and statistics related to the process, are stored inside the kernel in the process's process descriptor. I use Linux for everything. Accepting Linux need not mean using it or even liking it.

Running swapper inside …

These extensions are collectively called GNU C, and are documented in Appendix A. It is also an excellent platform for working systems, both open and closed, because it is so heavily customizable for free. The controllers are processors like the CPU itself, they can be viewed as intelligent helpers to …

Its one-time installation is sufficient and every time a new version is released (very early every month), you get an updated machine. Background processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. There will always be at least two kinds of …

Even your car has Linux running under the hood. For small contributions and bug fixes, it is unlikely that there will be any long-term maintenance expected. For example, when we add a user named "paul," Linux creates a directory /home/paul. The first, the old timer mechanism, has a static …

The entire Linux kernel was written from scratch, without employing any code from proprietary sources. Instead of a simple binary check, capabilities allow the kernel to base access on much more fine-grained settings. The most popular include Perl, Python, PHP, and Tcl. If you can use a computer or other …

Linux moving into the mainstream is a great thing. Background processes that attempt to read from (write to) the terminal are sent a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) signal by the terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. Another excellent source for assistance (and encouragement) is a local Linux Users Group (LUG …

A thread is the unit of activity within a process. This is also the reason serious Linux users prefer the command line. However, such programs are typically also made available for free (usually as a free download from the Internet). lsmod simply reformats /proc/modules which is built from the …

If the kernel handles the signals, it will do the default actions required for this signal. The first method is most often the easiest, as long as your system UEFI boot manager allows you to disable the secure boot feature. The kernel allocates a new module data structure and enough …

Becoming familiar with Linux can result in a substantial financial savings because the software (both the operating system and the application programs) is available for free and because Linux can run on older and cheaper computers. In 1978, Kernighan and Ritchie wrote, "The C Programming Language," a book that is …

As such it is possible to have two or more files and directories with the same name but letters of different case. I say somewhat, because the use of sed in conjunction with pipes is somewhat more comfortable (at least to this author) for substitution of text in files. Software …

This fixing up takes the form of patching the module image in memory. Some of this information will also help Windows users to understand the importance of user accounts. They work because they want to help themselves, their user base, or their software project. Block devices are generally storage devices …

The smallest addressable unit on a block device is the sector. With the connection established both ends are free to send and receive data. When it is started up, usually at system boot time, it opens up an Inter-Process Communication (IPC) channel to the kernel. At kernel initialization time, the …

The read/write heads are moved across the surface of the platters by an actuator. The Linux kernel, supporting both preemptive multitasking and virtual memory, provides every process both a virtualized processor and a virtualized view of memory. Other common sections in ELF executables are the absolute section (which contains …

Processes are free to use a FIFO so long as they have appropriate access rights to it. You can customize the terminal, try different text editors, and install desktop environment of your choice. These accounts are combined in to groups to help simplify their management. Every process runs as a …

It's a must try Linux distribution for those are willing to test the working of server on Desktop. But all things come to an end eventually. Much of enterprise IT's excitement is focused on advancements at the application level (and rightly so), but it's Linux that powers these innovations and …