In general, there is a tendency for advocates of the term term free software to emphasize the ideological aspects of software, including the ethical or moral aspects, and they view technical excellence as both a desirable and an unavoidable by-product of their ethical standards. The shell learns immediately whenever a …

That is, there are no legal restrictions on anyone using, studying, copying, modifying, improving or publishing any recipe. Luckily, basic maintenance and basic security are pretty easy. One of the best parts about Gentoo, which is also a curse for some people, is its ability to configure what compilation flags …

The API merely defines the interface; the piece of software that actually provides the API is known as the implementation of the API. Finally, when the connection is no longer needed it can be shutdown. Once connection has been made, any of the (usually) several browsers available can be used …

For some small business leaders I've consulted, the human factor is either a notion to be rejected or ignored. For most users, LILO works best. Kerneld is just an agent of the kernel, scheduling work on its behalf. Not often are our basic rights thought of in the context of …

However, this is definitely no loss. Big data, the collective term for the mountains of information produced by businesses, can hold the keys to more efficient operations and even increased revenues by identifying new opportunities, but first this data must be sorted, parsed and analyzed. As you can see, the …

For example to display a manual page for the ls command execute man ls. Linux must handle readers opening the FIFO before writers open it as well as readers reading before any writers have written to it. You may then continue typing and hit Tab again and it will again …

Whenever a VFS inode representing a character special file is created, its file operations are set to the default character device operations . For this reason, it is referred to as Open Source Software (OSS). Rather than having to satisfy a set of needs laid out by a single department head …

Microsoft was recently discovered to be using code stolen from a competitor on a social networking site, even though the code was never released. The Systemd-boot bootloader program is starting to gain popularity in Linux distribu- tions that use the systemd init method (see the next section). A process is …

Internally, the Linux kernel implements a unique view of threads: they are simply normal processes that happen to share some resources. The only rule is that when you develop something new out of the source code, you must share that code with everyone else. The init process routinely waits on …

Installation can take a while, depending on the speed of the computer and the options selected. Apart from the ability of a loaded module to crash the operating system by being badly written, it presents another danger. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. If your memory is like mine …

Behavior changes and features are added. Aliases are expanded when the function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a compound command. As long as the system appears to be free of critical or oft-manifesting bugs, it is considered ``stable' and new …

Every process except the first has a parent. So, if the operation value is 2, then -2 is added to the adjustment entry for this semaphore. It is as old as computers themselves. What does this mean to you?

At the Linux terminal with Firejail

But it starts at the top. For Linux, a vendor can create a device driver for a specific hardware device and expect that, within reason, it will operate across most distributions. When Corporations are happy with the used software they donate money to the communities in order to be able …

Functions are defined by using the function keyword and followed by function body enclosed by curly brackets. The data is read by a head, which can detect whether a particular minute particle is magnetized. FLOSS OSes tend to include many applications that are usually sold separately in proprietary systems (including …

The UEFI boot manager boots the mini-bootloader, then, in turn, it boots the standard Linux bootloader image. The exact wording of a recipe as it is written by its author is protected under copyright law, but the information itself (i.e., the names of the ingredients, their quantities and the …

Why make it easier for them. However, in most cases it is closed source (i.e., the source code is kept secret), and there are often restrictions on the use of the executable version. If all of the semaphore operations would have succeeded and the current process does not need …

In a multiprocessing system many processes are kept in memory at the same time. The kernel does not impose any restrictions on concurrent file access. This software universe had been going on behind my back for years. Just maybe that crash you reported will save some people from a major …

Processes that are started at boot time usually run as root or nobody. As a Linux user today you have all the means of getting to know your system inside out, but it is no longer necessary to have that knowledge in order to make the system comply to your …

Figure 11.3 shows both mechanisms. For example, %ce refers to a stopped ce job. The partitions of a hard disk are described by a partition table; each entry describing where the partition starts and ends in terms of heads, sectors and cylinder numbers. If something is in the public …

All of the read/write heads are attached together, they all move across the surfaces of the platters together. A common sector size is 512 bytes and the sector size was set when the disk was formatted, usually when the disk is manufactured. There is yet one other weakness: if …

For those companies, Linux supports most UNIX commands and standards, which makes transitioning to Linux very easy because the company likely would not need to pur- chase additional software or retrain staff. Also, the kernel compilation process is not as verbose in the 2.6 kernel series. A question that …

Where does the bash fit in? The keyboard, mouse and serial ports are controlled by a SuperIO chip, the IDE disks by an IDE controller, SCSI disks by a SCSI controller and so on. Linux is believed to comply with POSIX.1 and SUSv3, but as no official POSIX or …

Therefore, mastering Linux for configuring and maintaining servers is a must to have skill for any technological entrepreneur who operates end-to-end applications. The scalability and flexibility of Linux enable many of these massive deployments to actually work, while the significantly reduced cost barriers of Linux make them more financially feasible …

It is vital that there is an uninterrupted stream of knowledge, and that information is not held back for personal benefit at the cost of others. Most of the time you will be issuing commands. Anyone can join the Linux community by participating in and contributing to this mailing list …