For high speed devices, such as hard disk controllers or ethernet devices the data transfer rate is a lot higher. Even in the days before the Internet, information and so-called "intellectual property" could still be, and were, exchanged. The proto_ops data structure consists of the address family type and a …

Dynamically loading code as it is needed is attractive as it keeps the kernel size to a minimum and makes the kernel very flexible. For DOS formatted disks, those formatted by fdisk, there are four primary disk partitions. Linux is that power. The originator of the request, the client, creates …

IP addresses on the other hand can be assigned and reassigned by network administrators at will but the network hardware responds only to ethernet frames with its own physical address or to special multicast addresses which all machines must receive. Any site that is requested through the "what's that site …

Device drivers have to be careful when using DMA. Let's face it; Windows OS is vulnerable to different types of attacks (or hacks). However, the root user is the only one who is able to add new users to the system. For self study it can be useful to have …

All Unix versions and workalikes, including Linux, communciate between devices (computers, printers, cash registers, etc) using TCP/IP. Where Linux has shown a significant advantage over proprietary Unix is in its availability across a vast number of hardware platforms and devices. As both communities have matured over the past decade …

A mechanism is needed whereby activities can be scheduled to run at some relatively precise time. The registered protocol operations are kept in the pops vector, a vector of pointers to proto_ops data structures. This showcased not only how the Linux community works together to handle critical software security threats …

The device driver places bytes onto the queue, one by one, and user space reads the bytes in the order that they were placed on the queue. Although Linux was only created in 1991, the number of Linux users estimated by Red Hat in 1998 was 7.5 million, and …

Linux runs faster than both Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 thanks to its light-weight architecture. Common feedback would include questions about how something works or why you chose a particular approach along with suggestions for improvements or requests for changes. A block device cannot transfer or access a unit …

The saved uid stores the original effective uid; its value is used in deciding what effective uid values the user may switch to. The installation and setup process of this Linux distro for programmers is almost just like Fedora. The address bus specifies the memory locations (addresses) for the data …

These common interfaces mean that the kernel can treat often very different devices and their device drivers absolutely the same. In order to be accessed, a file must first be opened. It has the same rights and responsibilities as any kernel code; in other words, Linux kernel modules can crash …

Approaching open source contributions without a strategy can tarnish a company's reputation in the open source community and incur legal risks. If the program is a file beginning with #!, the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter for the program. What happens if you load a module built for …

With respect to language standards, Linux fares well. Note that Windows NT systems cannot be included in this survey (because their uptimes couldn't be counted). 99 in Windows). The minor device numbers are used to distinguish between different devices and their controllers, for example each partition on the primary IDE …

Its latest releases often inspire the other Linux distributions to adopt new features and make changes. By then, much of the GNU operating system had been completed, with the notable exception of a kernel (i.e., the core of the operating system). The entire Linux kernel was written from scratch …

Their techniques for identifying web server and OSes can be fooled. As the cliche goes, "If we both have an apple, and we exchange apples, we each still have one apple. It also ships in multiple flavors to gratify different needs of people. The rules concerning the definition and use …

You can also press the C key at any time to enter an interactive shell mode, allowing you to submit commands on the fly. Businesses, with no faith in their ability to succeed with Open Source, would resort to writing proprietary software that can be sold on a shelf. The …

There are several web sites that provide drivers and assistance for configuring WinModem based devices. Often, the users who identify the bugs can fix the problem because they have the source code, or they can provide detailed descriptions of their problems so that other developers can fix them. A good …

Many developers believe this open-source model makes Linux inherently more secure than a proprietary operating system. You can find good software out there for processing your access file. Each type of device has its own special device file. A block is usually a power-of-two multiple of the sector size.

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With Linux, you can throw out the entire concept of organized development, source control systems, structured bug reporting, or statistical analysis. Processes are always making system calls and so may often need to wait. Behavior changes and features are added. Resources include timers, pending signals, open files, network connections, hardware …