This translates into a lot of time for UNIX to get it right - something Microsoft is still struggling with. So, /dev/hda2, the second partition of the primary IDE disk has a major number of 3 and a minor number of 2. If you tried to code up something similar …

If a parent process terminates before its child, the kernel will reparent the child to the init process. The takeover of software by corporations continued at a rapid pace, and free software was becoming an endangered species. Although the source code must be made freely available in all cases, there …

It is possible to install Linux on the same computer (and on the same HDD or on a second one) as Microsoft Windows or any other operating system(s). Even if you are an aged UNIX guru, what follows is probably of interest to you. Linux is not like this …

Linux does not. In this book, when I talk of gcc, I typically mean the program gcc, unless context suggests otherwise. When a user logs in, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. As such it is possible to have two …

The command cd may be run without a location as we saw in the shortcut above but usually will be run with a single command line argument which is the location we would like to change into. Thus they are also called built-in commands. Programmers write Linux source code in …

Without Linux, IoT would likely simply be too financially draining or require lock-in to a single vendor's stack. Fortunately for us there is an easy to use resource that can inform us about all the great things we can do on the command line. Some such devices are partionable, which …

In this article we will introduce you to why these accounts are important. In addition, by studying Linux, one is actually simultaneously becoming proficient with all Unix-like operating systems, including the proprietary flavors (i.e., versions) of UNIX such as Solaris and AIX, and Mac OS X (whose underlying operating …

At kernel initialization time, the address families built into the kernel register themselves with the BSD socket interface. That's right, all these guys all around the world worked very hard to make a neat, secure, efficient, good-looking system, and they are giving their work away for everybody to use freely …

From the process's perspective, the view of the system is as though it alone were in control. Most systems built now use PCI and ISA buses to connect together the main system components. That's particularly important in a period of significant technological change. Thanks to Linux and the broader world …

Its purpose is to provide a financial incentive for producing such works in order to benefit society as a whole. To understand what OSS is, you must first understand how source code is used to create programs. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new …

It's highly recommended for advanced programmers and system administrators. Special files are kernel objects that are represented as files. Although, there's no rocket science in it. Or, you can make a profit on support and ancillary sales on things like manuals, mouse pads or whatever suits your fancy.

Redirecting output …

For the purposes of the shell, a command which exits with a zero exit status has succeeded. The amount of malicious soft- ware for Linux systems remains incredibly low in comparison to other systems, and nearly all malicious Linux software available today is designed to breach unprotected Linux-based Android smartphones …

In many ways, Linux and UNIX administration is today much easier than administration for popular commercial personal operating systems because it is much more transparent. But the Linux community is much more than the kernel, and needs contributions from lots of other people besides programmers. Loadlin works from a DOS …

What we call the Linux operating system today is really the combination of two efforts from the early 1990s. I should like to point out you should NEVER be logged in as root all the time, as you may damage your system. Setting up TCP/IP connections is very different …

Hedging our bets is what this issue of Troubleshooting Professional Magazine is all about. In this case the semaphore clean up code simply discards the sem_undo data structure. Commands run as a result of command substitu- tion ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. All system times …

We who are enthusiastic about GNU/Linux want to spread that freedom around. However, this is no less "programming" than anything else. Recently, Linux has replaced this security system with a more general capabilities system. Because it is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License, Linux obviates the …

It is less expensive to acquire. Many OSes don't provide uptime information and thus can't be included; this includes AIX, AS/400, Compaq Tru64, DG/UX, MacOS, NetWare, NT3/Windows 95, NT4/Windows 98, OS/2, OS/390, SCO UNIX, Sony NEWS-OS, SunOS 4, and VM. It'll need a lot …

Originally, virtually all software was freely available to copy, use, study, modify, improve and give away. But, as we all know, there are typically many directories on a system. Until Linux came along it was either Windows or Macintosh - take it or leave it. The IP protocol layer itself uses …

bash allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified with the bind built-in command. Libraries were written and ported, filesystems developed, and hardware drivers written for many popular devices. Other common sections in ELF executables are the absolute section (which contains nonrelocatable symbols) and the undefined section …

The stuff which really needs to be automated is automated and the stuff which can teach you something is left manual. Not often are our basic rights thought of in the context of technology, but as more and more our lives are dependent on technology, it is a rapidly growing …

When I have unmounted the VFAT partition the system detects that I no longer need the VFAT file system module and removes it from the system. If you can use a computer or other electronic device, you can use Linux. The fact that open source code offers complete transparency acts …

Sometimes the DMA channel for a device can be set by jumpers; a number of ethernet devices use this technique. The control bus contains various lines used to route timing and control signals throughout the system. If one process crashes it will not cause another process in the system to …

Moreover, most programming languages (if they aren't limited to a particular OS) work on Linux. Because your server will be probably Linux-based as well, it will be easier for you to mimic behaviors, use similar software and packages and automate work flows for your deployment processes. You can easily see …

The term “emotional support animal” is in the news at present, mainly, sadly, because of its predictable abuse. In Japan, companion animals are petto or aigando butsu, animals to love, or play with, or take pleasure in, which just about covers it all. The next time you greet your own …

To kill rhinos, Mozambican poachers appear to prefer hunting rifles over other firearms available to them. There is evidence that Czech CZ 550 bolt-action rifles have become more popular with poachers in recent years. While obtaining a rifle through official channels in Mozambique can take up to six months, there …

While Colombia is a special case in some ways because of its long history of conflict, extractive industry activities in less extreme settings are increasingly marked by the presence of private, corporate security. The result is a variety of collaborative partnerships between public and private, formal and informal types of …

Its entries are also device_struct data structures. Over the years, Unix systems have supported a handful of different special files. This must happen as the module cannot expect to be loaded at the same address twice let alone into the same address in two different Linux systems. Most open source …

As a result, most desktop and server Linux systems that run antivirus and anti-malware software today do so because they host files that may be shared with Win- dows computers. The command cd may be run without a location as we saw in the shortcut above but usually will be …

The API merely defines the interface; the piece of software that actually provides the API is known as the implementation of the API. Most recently, the U.S. Before I became involved in Free Software, I had far different opinions, ideas, and beliefs than I do today. This highly stable …

Institutions that rely solely on commercial-proprietary vendors - whether on-premises or cloud-based - effectively outsource their IT strategy and reduce their capability to deal with change with agility. The exact wording of a recipe as it is written by its author is protected under copyright law, but the information itself (i.e …

Linux is made up of a number of functionally separate pieces that, together, comprise the operating system. What is the system-level interface, and how do I write system-level applications in Linux? Windows implementation is very high-level. Remember that the shell is a program providing you with an interface to the …

Linux provides any tools you need as a developer to operate a scalable, secure servers. When Corporations are happy with the used software they donate money to the communities in order to be able to continue their work and developing new versions. Instead, it focuses on user-space system-level programming, that …

For example, we can have a container which is a database program. The instructions executed by the processor are very simple; for example ``read the contents of memory at location X into register Y'. After being compiled into machine language, all programs look the same to the computer operating system …

Consequently, it can be said that this book is a book on Linux programming in general. Almost certainly, but it's doubtful that it would maintain the presence that Android currently enjoys in today's consumer market. However, Unix is not free. This is used by gateways, which respond to ARP requests …

To help bring order to chaos, standards groups codify system interfaces into official standards. The number of bytes that the device driver requests is rounded up to the next block size boundary. To those who believe that even bad attention is better than no attention, being treated as a non-entity …

When you boot a system that uses the GRUB Legacy bootloader, you'll see a menu that shows the boot options that you defined in the configuration file. In a very real sense Linux is a product of the Internet or World Wide Web (WWW). Device drivers have to be careful …

Its purpose is to provide a financial incentive for producing such works in order to benefit society as a whole. How does the kernel know which directory to look in to find a given filename? Any microprocessor that wishes to support an operating system must have a programmable interval timer …

For example, a process may have to wait for a character to be read from a file. Still, this survey does compare Windows 2000, GNU/Linux (up to 497 days usually), FreeBSD, and several other OSes, and FLOSS does quite well. The Base Image is an initial image which contains …

Once the parent process has waited on its terminated child, the child is fully destroyed. That is, there are no legal restrictions on anyone using, studying, copying, modifying, improving or publishing any recipe. Each time a device driver runs, maybe as an interrupt is received or as a bottom half …

For instance, containers have largely evolved through community involvement. There are three types of partition supported by fdisk, primary, extended and logical. Any of the bytes within a file may be read from or written to. The answer is that you can use any method you like to refer to …