We have icons too, you know. An API defines the interfaces by which one piece of software communicates with another at the source level. These processes range from things like the X Window System to system programs (daemons) that are started when the computer boots. A runnable process is one …

The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell'. Track 0 is the outermost track and the highest numbered track is the track closest to the central spindle. If no output_file is supplied, output goes to stdout. The maximum file length, as with the maximum file position, is bounded only …

The IDE disks are controlled by the IDE controller chip and the SCSI disks by the SCSI disk controller chips and so on. The Raspberry Pi, popular with hobbyists and enthusiasts, is Linux-driven and has opened the door for an entire spectrum of IoT devices running Linux. The timer bottom …

The fact that open source code offers complete transparency acts as an important guarantee of open standards. Constraining students to move the mouse within the confines of the instruction set of a few closed, proprietary programs merely cages those students and constrains our future. Unlike character devices, there are classes …

The following benefits are true about the Linux system:

Free dіstrіbutіons

One of the maіn features of thіs operatіng system іs the avaіlabіlіty of free dіstrіbutіons, such as Ubuntu, Mandrіva, Fedora, etc. All of them are quіte sіmіlar іn appearance and have one “phіlosophy”. Thіs fact іs very useful for …

Across the Internet and beyond, anyone with enough know-how has the opportunity to aid in developing and debugging the kernel, porting new software, writing documentation, or helping new users. Likewise, the smallest logically addressable unit on a filesystem is the block. Installation can take a while, depending on the speed …

The IP protocol is a transport layer that is used by other protocols to carry their data. One interesting feature it has is that every instruction is conditional. This collaboration among several developers with a common need speeds up software creation, and when bugs in the software are found by …

Some users have reported success configuring and installing drivers for the various winmodems, including Lucent, Conexant, and Rockwell chipsets. The application tells the kernel which system call to execute and with what parameters via machine registers. Each surface of the platter is divided into narrow, concentric circles called tracks. Another …

To help bring order to chaos, standards groups codify system interfaces into official standards. Many of the best Linux experts are self taught and do not possess a single computer certification. It needs to be able to support what an IT team requires in the moment and in the future …

Institutions that rely solely on commercial-proprietary vendors - whether on-premises or cloud-based - effectively outsource their IT strategy and reduce their capability to deal with change with agility. This greatly assists integration efforts - and facilitates movement between systems when necessary. But, due to some recent changes, Ubuntu has switched back to GNOME …

All Unix versions and workalikes, including Linux, communciate between devices (computers, printers, cash registers, etc) using TCP/IP. Where Linux has shown a significant advantage over proprietary Unix is in its availability across a vast number of hardware platforms and devices. As both communities have matured over the past decade …

Like the virtual filesystem, Linux abstracts the socket interface with the BSD socket layer being concerned with the BSD socket interface to the application programs which is in turn supported by independent address family specific software. This is especially important if a particularly vital application does not yet exist for …

The IP protocol layer itself uses many different physical media to transport IP packets to other IP hosts. If you look at the output of lsmod, you will see that each module has a count associated with it. Until recently, most modems were 8 or 16 bit ISA cards. While …

The instructions executed by the processor are very simple; for example ``read the contents of memory at location X into register Y'. The target host that owns the IP address, responds with an ARP reply that contains its physical hardware address. Staff and students in the school have the tcsh …

True, they are often needed for one project or another and can be well worth the cost, but for a beginner or a learner -- and for many professionals -- free software is simply irreplaceable. It also sets up the file data structure describing this character special file, making its file operations …

Every device in the system is represented by a device special file, for example the first IDE disk in the system is represented by /dev/hda. But there may have a possibility of spreading malware to the Linux based systems if they are connected with Windows based systems. This is …

There are also numerous completely free resources available on the Internet, including (1) tutorials, (2) books and (3) newsgroups. This might seem a very unreliable method but every process in the system is making system calls, for example to write a character to the terminal, all of the time. In …

If a developer needs a VM or if IT Ops needs to provision a server, they expect to do so quickly and painlessly; Linux's scalability allows for this rapid provisioning, as does its lack of cost-prohibitive licensing. The Linux command line offers a wealth of power and opportunity. A good …

The API user (generally, the higher-level software) has zero input into the API and its implementation. The file position starts at zero; it cannot be negative. Processes are generally associated with a user's login group, not any of the supplemental groups. (Even of the large corporately-funded developer base, many have …

The major identifier for the primary IDE controller is 3 and is 22 for the secondary IDE controller. The GPL subsequently became by far the most widely used license for free software. The analogy is also frequently made with recipes for cooking food. Multiple processes are free to read from …

There are many ways to make money, so why choose a method that requires investing just as much time and effort into making software that lots of people want to use as trying to prevent the usage of said software? Most shells offer a similar set of internal commands, but …

The numbers are different for an Alpha AXP Linux box. I am a composer, and one of the biggest hurdles for me in switching to exclusively Free Software was my sheet music typesetting software. The IDE subsystem registers IDE controllers and not disks with the Linux kernel. A common sector …

When a user-space application requests that a given filename be opened, the kernel opens the directory containing the filename and searches for the given name. If the expiry time for an active timer has expired (expiry time is less than the current system jiffies), its timer routine is called and …

The first, the old timer mechanism, has a static array of 32 pointers to timer_struct data structures and a mask of active timers, timer_active. Processes can choose to ignore most of the signals that are generated, with two notable exceptions: neither the SIGSTOP signal which causes a process to halt …

The exact wording of a recipe as it is written by its author is protected under copyright law, but the information itself (i.e., the names of the ingredients, their quantities and the various steps in their processing) is not. Even so, if a process executes until it waits then …

Mostly Linux kernel modules are device drivers, pseudo-device drivers such as network drivers, or file-systems. The IP protocol layer itself uses many different physical media to transport IP packets to other IP hosts. Software and other creative works enter the public domain only if the author deliberately surrenders the copyright …

A mechanism is needed whereby activities can be scheduled to run at some relatively precise time. The registered protocol operations are kept in the pops vector, a vector of pointers to proto_ops data structures. This showcased not only how the Linux community works together to handle critical software security threats …

From there, the kernel gets the inode for plunder. You probably only have one screen, right? The routine will be called when the element on the task queue is processed and it will be passed a pointer to the data. Even when you're programming in another language, the C library …

The basics of Unix programming have existed untouched for decades. So, if the operation value is 2, then -2 is added to the adjustment entry for this semaphore. Linux provides kernel memory allocation and deallocation routines and it is these that the device drivers use. Relative to the on-CPU cache …

This hides the underlying differences from the generic system calls which read and write to ordinary files. It was a failure. When it boots, it automati- cally looks for a GRUB 2 bootloader image file named grubx64.efi, also in the uefi folder on the system. Windows 10 is perhaps …

It links the sock data structure to the BSD socket data structure using the data pointer in the BSD socket. The GNU C library provides more than its name suggests. The advocate could further explain why one particular distro was chosen and what software came pre-packaged/easily installed that made …

The device driver places bytes onto the queue, one by one, and user space reads the bytes in the order that they were placed on the queue. Although Linux was only created in 1991, the number of Linux users estimated by Red Hat in 1998 was 7.5 million, and …

insmod physically writes the address of the symbol into the appropriate place in the module. Aliases are expanded when the function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a compound command. Once connection has been made, any of the (usually) several browsers …

Linux runs faster than both Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 thanks to its light-weight architecture. Common feedback would include questions about how something works or why you chose a particular approach along with suggestions for improvements or requests for changes. A block device cannot transfer or access a unit …

The saved uid stores the original effective uid; its value is used in deciding what effective uid values the user may switch to. The installation and setup process of this Linux distro for programmers is almost just like Fedora. The address bus specifies the memory locations (addresses) for the data …

Although directories are treated like normal files, the kernel does not allow them to be opened and manipulated like regular files. Any ethernet frame transmitted to that address will be received by the addressed host but ignored by all the other hosts connected to the network. Some operating systems, such …

It will even automatically look for requests for missing or non-existent web pages, known as 404s. Most of the servers that hold the entire internet are Linux-based for many reasons that will not be listed here. The access file logs every visit to your web site. The shell program is …

So when you're writing something in your word processor and you want to check out something on the web, no need to review all your windows to find your browser, stacked all the way behind the others. Thus, the computer will request replacement of the disks during the course of …

The read/write heads are moved across the surface of the platters by an actuator. The BSD socket layer passes the socket data structure representing the BSD socket to the INET layer in each of these operations. An operating system needs to be able to schedule an activity sometime in …

By calling bash executable binary explicitly, the content of our file date.sh is loaded and interpreted as Bash Shell Script. For most users, LILO works best. A block device cannot transfer or access a unit of data smaller than a sector and all I/O must occur in terms …